Seven Types of Ambiguity: William Empson

Step-by-Step Tutorial: Understanding Seven Types of Ambiguity by William Empson

1. Introduction to William Empson and Seven Types of Ambiguity:

   • William Empson was a literary critic who wrote a book called "Seven Types of Ambiguity" to explain irony and ambiguity in literature.
   • The number seven in the title signifies a specific number, while ambiguity refers to a lack of specificity, creating tension and humor in literary works.

2. Empson's Background and Early Life:

   • Empson wrote "Seven Types of Ambiguity" at the age of 22 while studying at Cambridge University.
   • Despite being considered a genius by his teacher I.A. Richards, Empson was expelled from school for possessing condoms in his room.
   • He later traveled to China to teach English poetry but had to flee due to the Japanese invasion, leading him to live in the mountains and teach from memory.

3. Empson's Personal Life and Relationships:

   • Empson had a dynamic marriage with his wife Heda, who had two children from other lovers.
   • He took some of Heda's lovers under his wing, provided them with support, and had younger male lovers himself.
   • The unconventional living arrangements of everyone under one roof created a bohemian lifestyle.

4. Exploring Ambiguity in Language:

   • Empson believed that words could have multiple meanings, leading to ambiguity and giving power to language.
   • By using words with more than one meaning, individuals can become more intelligent than they realize.

5. Types of Ambiguity:

   • Type 1 - Metaphorical Ambiguity: Empson's first type involves a line or phrase representing more than one concept, creating resonance or music in the mind.
   • Type 2 - Semantic Ambiguity: Two words with slightly different meanings are combined to form a new idea that lies between the original meanings.
   • Type 3 - Pun Ambiguity: Words with multiple meanings are used to create humor or evoke deeper thought.
   • Type 4 - Complex State of Mind: Words unintentionally reveal deeper thoughts or complexities in the speaker's mind.
   • Type 5 - Fortunate Confusion: Words build upon each other, leading to unexpected insights or thoughts.
   • Type 6 - Empty Words: Ambiguity arises from using placeholder words that invite interpretation.
   • Type 7 - Unresolvable Tension: Ambiguity stemming from opposing concepts that cannot be easily reconciled.

6. Examples and Application:

   • Empson's analysis of Shakespeare's line "bear ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang" demonstrates metaphorical ambiguity.
   • Exploring Chinese poetry about time illustrates semantic ambiguity, blending different perspectives on the concept of time.

7. Understanding the Power of Ambiguity:

   • Empson believed that ambiguity in language could lead to deeper understanding, creativity, and intelligence.
   • Recognizing and embracing ambiguity can enhance one's appreciation of literature and language.

By following these steps, you can gain a deeper understanding of William Empson's concept of ambiguity and its significance in literary analysis and interpretation.