Konsep OOAD (Objek Oriented Analisis Desain)

Introduction

This tutorial provides a comprehensive overview of Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD), based on a video by Imanullah Alvin N. OOAD is a critical methodology in software development that helps create systems that are easy to maintain and extend. This guide will break down the key concepts and steps involved in OOAD, making it accessible and actionable for anyone looking to improve their understanding of this foundational approach in software engineering.

Step 1: Understand the Basics of Object-Oriented Concepts

• Learn Key Terms: Familiarize yourself with essential concepts such as:

  • Object: An instance of a class containing data and methods.
  • Class: A blueprint for creating objects.
  • Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods that operate on the data within one unit.
  • Inheritance: Mechanism where a new class derives properties from an existing class.
  • Polymorphism: Ability to present the same interface for different underlying forms (data types).

• Real-World Analogy: Think of a class as a blueprint for a house, while objects are the actual houses built from that blueprint.

Step 2: Analyze the Problem Domain

• Requirement Gathering: Collect requirements through:

  • Interviews with stakeholders.
  • Questionnaires to understand user needs.
  • Observations of existing systems.

• Define Use Cases: Create use cases that describe how users will interact with the system. This helps in identifying the system's functional requirements.

Step 3: Identify Objects and Classes

• Identify Key Objects: Look for nouns in your requirements and use case descriptions. These often represent potential objects in your system.
• Define Class Relationships: Determine how these classes will interact:
  • Associations: General relationships between classes.
  • Aggregations: A whole-part relationship where one class is a part of another.
  • Compositions: A strong form of aggregation where the lifecycle of the part is tied to the whole.

Step 4: Design the Class Diagram

• Create Class Diagrams: Use UML (Unified Modeling Language) to visually represent classes and their relationships. Include:

  • Class names
  • Attributes (data fields)
  • Methods (functions)

• Tips for Class Diagrams:

  • Keep it simple and avoid clutter.
  • Use clear naming conventions for classes and methods.

Step 5: Implement Design Patterns

• Introduce Design Patterns: Familiarize yourself with common design patterns that can simplify your design:

  • Singleton: Ensures a class has only one instance and provides a global point of access.
  • Factory: Creates objects without specifying the exact class of object that will be created.

• Apply Patterns: Identify where these patterns can be implemented in your design to enhance flexibility and reusability.

Conclusion

By following these steps, you can effectively apply Object-Oriented Analysis and Design principles to your software projects. Start with understanding basic concepts, analyze your problem domain, identify key objects, and design your system using class diagrams and design patterns. As a next step, consider practicing by creating a small project or modeling an existing system using OOAD principles. This hands-on experience will deepen your understanding and prepare you for more complex systems.