Python Object Oriented Programming Full Course 🐍
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Published on Oct 26, 2024
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Table of Contents
Introduction
This tutorial provides a comprehensive guide to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python, based on the Bro Code YouTube course. OOP is a programming paradigm centered around objects, which can encapsulate both data and behaviors. Mastering OOP is essential for building scalable and maintainable software applications.
Step 1: Understanding Class Variables
- Class variables are shared across all instances of a class.
- They are defined within the class but outside any instance methods.
- Example:
class Dog: species = "Canis familiaris" # Class variable def __init__(self, name): self.name = name # Instance variable
Step 2: Learning Inheritance
- Inheritance allows a class to inherit attributes and methods from another class.
- This promotes code reuse and establishes a relationship between classes.
- Example:
class Animal: def speak(self): return "Animal speaks" class Dog(Animal): def bark(self): return "Woof!"
Step 3: Exploring Multiple Inheritance
- Multiple inheritance occurs when a class can inherit from more than one parent class.
- Be cautious as it can lead to complexity and ambiguity.
- Example:
class A: pass class B: pass class C(A, B): # Inherits from both A and B pass
Step 4: Abstract Classes
- Abstract classes cannot be instantiated and are used to define common interfaces.
- Use the
abc
module to create abstract classes. - Example:
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod class Animal(ABC): @abstractmethod def speak(self): pass
Step 5: Using super()
- The
super()
function is used to call methods from a parent class within a child class. - This is particularly useful for extending functionalities.
- Example:
class Parent: def greet(self): return "Hello from Parent" class Child(Parent): def greet(self): return super().greet() + " and Child"
Step 6: Understanding Polymorphism
- Polymorphism allows methods to do different things based on the object it is acting upon.
- This can be achieved by method overriding.
- Example:
class Cat(Animal): def speak(self): return "Meow"
Step 7: Learning Duck Typing
- Duck typing is a concept where the type or class of an object is less important than the methods it defines.
- It emphasizes an object's behavior rather than its inheritance.
- Example:
def make_it_speak(animal): print(animal.speak()) make_it_speak(Dog()) # Works if Dog has a speak method
Step 8: Understanding Aggregation
- Aggregation is a "has-a" relationship where a class contains references to objects of other classes.
- It represents a whole-part relationship.
- Example:
class Engine: pass class Car: def __init__(self, engine): self.engine = engine # Aggregation
Step 9: Exploring Composition
- Composition is a stronger form of aggregation where the contained objects' lifecycle is tied to the container.
- If the container is destroyed, so are the contained objects.
- Example:
class Wheel: pass class Car: def __init__(self): self.wheel = Wheel() # Composition
Step 10: Nested Classes
- Nested classes are defined within another class and can be used to encapsulate functionality.
- They can be useful for logically grouping classes that are only used in one place.
- Example:
class Outer: class Inner: pass
Step 11: Static Methods
- Static methods belong to a class rather than an instance and do not access any instance-specific data.
- Use the
@staticmethod
decorator. - Example:
class Math: @staticmethod def add(x, y): return x + y
Step 12: Class Methods
- Class methods can modify class state and are defined with the
@classmethod
decorator. - They take the class as the first parameter.
- Example:
class Book: count = 0 @classmethod def increment_count(cls): cls.count += 1
Step 13: Magic Methods
- Magic methods allow you to define how objects of a class behave with built-in functions and operators.
- Common magic methods include
__init__
,__str__
, and__add__
. - Example:
class Point: def __init__(self, x, y): self.x = x self.y = y def __add__(self, other): return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)
Step 14: Using the @property Decorator
- The
@property
decorator allows you to define getter and setter methods in a concise way. - It helps in implementing controlled access to instance variables.
- Example:
class Person: def __init__(self, name): self._name = name # Private variable @property def name(self): return self._name @name.setter def name(self, value): self._name = value
Conclusion
This tutorial covered the essential concepts of Object-Oriented Programming in Python, including class variables, inheritance, polymorphism, and more. Understanding these principles is crucial for developing robust applications. As a next step, consider implementing small projects that utilize these OOP concepts to reinforce your learning.