SEJARAH KELAS 12 - BAB 3 DINAMIKA POLITIK EKONOMI INDONESIA MASA DEMOKRASI TERPIMPIN (1959-1965)

Introduction

This tutorial explores the political and economic dynamics of Indonesia during the Guided Democracy period from 1959 to 1965. Understanding this era is crucial for grasping the historical context of modern Indonesia. This guide outlines the key events, policies, and implications of this significant period in Indonesian history.

Step 1: Understand the Historical Context

• Post-Independence Challenges: After gaining independence in 1945, Indonesia faced numerous challenges, including political instability and economic difficulties.
• Rise of Guided Democracy: In 1959, President Sukarno declared Guided Democracy to stabilize the nation, emphasizing national unity and suppressing opposing political factions.

Step 2: Explore Key Policies of Guided Democracy

• Constitutional Changes: The 1945 Constitution was revised to give more power to the president and reduce the role of political parties.
• Nationalism and Anti-Imperialism: Sukarno promoted a strong sense of nationalism and opposed Western imperialism, which influenced foreign policy decisions.

Step 3: Analyze Economic Policies

• Economic Control: The government took control of key economic sectors, including agriculture and industry, to promote self-sufficiency.
• Import Substitution Industrialization: This strategy aimed to reduce dependence on imported goods by developing local industries.
• Common Pitfalls: The reliance on state control led to inefficiencies and corruption, which undermined economic growth.

Step 4: Examine the Political Landscape

• Political Parties: The period saw the dominance of the Indonesian National Party (PNI) and the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI).
• Tension Among Factions: Increasing tensions between the military, Islamists, and communists created a precarious political environment.

Step 5: Identify Major Events

• Crisis of 1965: Political instability culminated in the attempted coup in September 1965, which led to the mass killings of communists and leftist sympathizers.
• Transition to New Order: Sukarno's regime ended, leading to the rise of Suharto and the New Order era, which drastically changed Indonesia's political landscape.

Conclusion

The Guided Democracy period in Indonesia was marked by significant political and economic changes that shaped the nation’s future. Understanding these dynamics helps contextualize Indonesia’s contemporary issues. For further study, consider exploring the implications of the 1965 crisis and the impact of Suharto’s New Order on Indonesian society and politics.