Keseimbangan Pasar (Ekuilibrium) | Kurva Keseimbangan Pasar | Menghitung Keseimbangan Pasar

Introduction

This tutorial aims to explain the concept of market equilibrium, its significance, and how to calculate it using the demand and supply curves. Understanding market equilibrium is crucial for analyzing how markets function and respond to changes in demand and supply.

Step 1: Understand Market Equilibrium

• Definition: Market equilibrium occurs when the quantity demanded by consumers equals the quantity supplied by producers at a specific price.
• Importance: It represents a state where there is no inherent tendency for change, providing stability in the market.
• Graphical Representation:
  • The intersection of the demand and supply curves on a graph indicates the equilibrium price and quantity.

Step 2: Identify Demand and Supply Curves

• Demand Curve:

  • Slopes downward, indicating that as prices decrease, the quantity demanded increases.
  • Factors affecting demand include consumer preferences, income levels, and prices of related goods.

• Supply Curve:

  • Slopes upward, indicating that as prices increase, the quantity supplied also increases.
  • Factors affecting supply include production costs, technology changes, and number of suppliers.

Step 3: Calculate Equilibrium Price and Quantity

1. Set up the equations for the demand and supply functions. For example:
   • Demand: Qd = 100 - 2P
   • Supply: Qs = 20 + 3P
2. Equate the two equations to find the equilibrium:
   • 100 - 2P = 20 + 3P
3. Solve for the equilibrium price (P):
   • Combine like terms and isolate P.
   • Example calculation:
     • 100 - 20 = 5P
     • 80 = 5P
     • P = 16
4. Substitute P back into either equation to find the equilibrium quantity (Q):
   • Qd = 100 - 2(16)
   • Qd = 100 - 32 = 68

Step 4: Analyze Changes in Equilibrium

• Shifts in Demand or Supply: Understand how external factors affect equilibrium.
  • Increase in Demand: Shifts the demand curve right, increasing both price and quantity.
  • Decrease in Supply: Shifts the supply curve left, increasing price and decreasing quantity.
• Graphical Analysis: Draw new demand and supply curves to visualize changes.

Step 5: Consider External Factors

• Taxes and Subsidies: Recognize how government interventions can alter equilibrium.
  • Taxation can shift the supply curve left, increasing prices and reducing quantities.
  • Subsidies can shift the supply curve right, lowering prices and increasing quantities.

Conclusion

Understanding market equilibrium is essential for making informed decisions in economics. By calculating equilibrium price and quantity and analyzing shifts due to external factors, you can better understand market dynamics. For further learning, consider exploring related concepts such as the effects of taxes and subsidies on market equilibrium.