Unggah-Ungguh Basa Jawa - Kesopanan bertutur dalam bahasa Jawa

Introduction

This tutorial provides a comprehensive overview of "unggah-ungguh basa," which refers to the politeness levels in the Javanese language. Understanding these levels is crucial for effective communication in Javanese culture, as they reflect respect and social hierarchy. We will explore the four main language varieties and the factors that influence their use.

Step 1: Understand the Levels of Javanese Language

Familiarize yourself with the four main varieties of Javanese, each reflecting different levels of politeness:

1. Ngoko Lugu

   • Informal language used among peers or close friends.
   • Example: "Kowe arep ngendi?" (Where are you going?)

2. Ngoko Alus

   • A more refined version of ngoko, used in a slightly formal context.
   • Example: "Kowe arep dhateng pundi?" (Where are you going? - more polite)

3. Krama Lugu

   • Formal language used to show respect, often used with elders or in formal situations.
   • Example: "Panjenengan arep dhateng pundi?" (Where are you going? - very polite)

4. Krama Alus

   • The most refined and formal language, used in high respect situations.
   • Example: "Panjenengan inggih badhe dhateng pundi?" (Where are you going? - extremely polite)

Step 2: Identify the Factors for Language Selection

When choosing which level of Javanese to use, consider the following factors:

• Umur (Age)
  Adjust your language based on the age of the person you are speaking to; younger individuals may be addressed with ngoko, while older individuals require krama.

• Peprenahan (Situation)
  The context of the conversation matters. Formal events call for krama varieties, while casual gatherings may allow ngoko.

• Drajat Pangkat (Social Rank)
  Use higher levels of politeness with individuals of higher social status.

• Drajat Semat (Title or Position)
  Titles or formal positions require appropriate language level. For example, addressing a teacher or official demands krama.

• Trah (Lineage)
  Acknowledge family lineage and respect tradition in language use.

• Tetepungan (Relationships)
  The nature of your relationship with the person will dictate the language level. Close friends may use ngoko, while acquaintances may require krama.

Step 3: Practice Politeness in Conversations

Engage in conversations using different levels of Javanese to become comfortable with the nuances:

• Start with friends using ngoko lugu, then practice transitioning to krama lugu when interacting with elders or in formal settings.
• Role-play scenarios where you must choose the appropriate formality based on the described factors.

Conclusion

Understanding and using the appropriate levels of Javanese language enhances communication and demonstrates respect within the Javanese culture. Practice these levels and the influencing factors, and you'll improve your conversational skills significantly. Consider exploring more resources or engaging with native speakers to further refine your understanding of ungah-ungguh basa.