(07) الكلي والجزئي / المفتاح في علم المنطق / الشيخ أدهم العاسمي

Introduction

This tutorial focuses on the concepts of universals and particulars in logic, as explained by Sheikh Adham Al-Asimi in his course "The Key to Logic." Understanding these concepts is essential for anyone studying logic and reasoning, as they form the foundation for more advanced studies.

Step 1: Define Universals

• Universals are general concepts that can apply to multiple instances.
• They represent categories or classes of things.
• Examples include terms like "human," "animal," or "tree."
• In logic, universals are critical for making broad statements or generalizations.

Practical Tip

• When identifying universals, ask yourself if the term can apply to multiple entities. If yes, it is likely a universal.

Step 2: Define Particulars

• Particulars refer to specific instances or individual items.
• They are concrete examples of universals.
• For instance, "Socrates," "this cat," or "the oak tree in my yard" are particulars.
• In logical discussion, particulars help ground general concepts in reality.

Practical Tip

• To better understand particulars, think of specific examples that fall under a universal category.

Step 3: Understand the Relationship Between Universals and Particulars

• Universals can encompass many particulars, but particulars cannot represent universals.
• This relationship is fundamental in logical arguments and reasoning.
• For instance, the universal "dog" includes particulars like "Beagle" and "German Shepherd."

Common Pitfall

• Avoid confusing universals with particulars. Remember that universals are broad categories, while particulars are specific instances.

Step 4: Explore Examples in Logic

• Use examples to clarify the differences:
  • Universal: "All birds have feathers."
  • Particular: "This parrot has feathers."
• These examples illustrate how universals can make broad claims, which are then supported by particulars.

Conclusion

In summary, grasping the concepts of universals and particulars is vital for logical reasoning. Universals serve as broad categories, while particulars represent specific instances. To enhance your understanding, continually practice identifying both in everyday language and logic. This foundational knowledge will support your further studies in logic and reasoning. For additional resources, consider exploring Sheikh Adham Al-Asimi's other courses on related topics.