Natural Law Theory: Crash Course Philosophy #34

Introduction

This tutorial explores Natural Law Theory, a significant ethical framework particularly articulated by Thomas Aquinas. It provides insights into how this theory seeks to address the grounding problem in ethics, presenting a synthesis of instinct and reason. Understanding Natural Law Theory is essential for anyone studying philosophy, ethics, or moral reasoning.

Step 1: Understand the Basics of Natural Law Theory

• Definition: Natural Law Theory posits that there are inherent laws derived from nature that govern human behavior and morality.
• Key Concept: According to Aquinas, humans pursue what he calls "basic goods" which are fundamental elements for human flourishing.
• Role of Reason and Instinct: The theory suggests that both instinctual drives and rational thought guide us toward understanding and following natural law.

Step 2: Explore Thomas Aquinas’s Contributions

• Aquinas’s View: Aquinas integrated Christian theology with Aristotelian ethics, proposing that natural law is part of God's divine plan for humanity.
• Basic Goods: Familiarize yourself with the basic goods Aquinas identifies:
  • Life
  • Knowledge
  • Play
  • Aesthetic experience
  • Friendship
  • Practical reasonableness
  • Religion
• Moral Actions: Actions are deemed moral if they align with these basic goods and promote human flourishing.

Step 3: Analyze the Is-Ought Problem

• David Hume’s Argument: Understand Hume’s critique, which states that one cannot derive what ought to be done purely from what is.
  • This emphasizes a gap between descriptive statements (what is) and normative statements (what ought to be).
• Implications for Natural Law: Reflect on how this critique challenges the application of natural law in ethical decision-making and morality.

Step 4: Consider Objections and Counterarguments

• Common Objections: Familiarize yourself with key criticisms of Natural Law Theory:
  • Subjectivity in defining basic goods
  • Cultural variations in moral understanding
• Defense of the Theory: Note how proponents argue for the universality of natural law principles, suggesting that they transcend cultural differences.

Step 5: Apply Natural Law Theory Practically

• Real-World Applications: Explore how Natural Law Theory can inform contemporary ethical issues:
  • Bioethics (e.g., debates on life and death)
  • Legal frameworks (e.g., human rights)
• Personal Reflection: Consider how understanding natural law can help in personal moral reasoning and decision-making.

Conclusion

Natural Law Theory provides a compelling framework for understanding ethics through the lens of human nature and reason. By recognizing the basic goods and confronting critiques like the is-ought problem, you can engage more deeply with philosophical discussions around morality. As a next step, explore how these concepts apply to specific ethical dilemmas and engage with various philosophical perspectives to enrich your understanding.