A REVOLUÇÃO ELÉTRICA #SagaDosComputadores Ep.2

Introduction

In this tutorial, we will explore the evolution of computers from mechanical systems to the era of electricity, as discussed in the second episode of the series "A Saga dos Computadores" by Manual do Mundo. We will also delve into the construction of a programmable electric circuit that illustrates the principles of computational logic. This guide will help you understand the fundamental concepts of electrical circuits and their application in computing.

Step 1: Understanding the Transition from Mechanical to Electrical Computers

• Historical Context: Computers were initially mechanical devices that relied on gears and levers. This section looks at how the advent of electricity revolutionized computing.
• Key Concepts:
  • Electromechanical vs. Electronic: Electromechanical devices used physical movement, while electronic devices use electrical signals to process information.
  • Significance of Electricity: Electricity allowed for faster computation, smaller components, and more complex calculations.

Step 2: Exploring Basic Electrical Concepts

• Voltage, Current, and Resistance: Familiarize yourself with these fundamental electrical principles.
  • Voltage (V): The electric potential difference.
  • Current (I): The flow of electric charge.
  • Resistance (R): The opposition to the flow of current.
• Ohm's Law: Understand the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance using the formula:

  V = I x R
  

Step 3: Building a Programmable Electric Circuit

• Materials Needed:
  • Breadboard
  • Resistors
  • LED lights
  • Jumper wires
  • A microcontroller (like Arduino)
• Basic Circuit Setup:
  1. Connect the Power Supply: Connect your power source to the breadboard.
  2. Insert Components: Place your resistors and LED lights on the breadboard according to your circuit design.
  3. Wire Connections: Use jumper wires to connect the components, ensuring correct paths for the current flow.

Step 4: Programming the Circuit

• Using a Microcontroller: Program your microcontroller to control the circuit.
  • Writing Basic Code: Use the following sample code to blink an LED:

    void setup() {
      pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
    }
    
    void loop() {
      digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH); // Turn the LED on
      delay(1000);                     // Wait for a second
      digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW);  // Turn the LED off
      delay(1000);                     // Wait for a second
    }
    

• Upload and Test: Upload the code to your microcontroller and observe the LED blinking.

Step 5: Understanding Computational Logic

• Logic Gates: Learn about basic logic gates (AND, OR, NOT) used in computing.
  • AND Gate: Outputs true only if all inputs are true.
  • OR Gate: Outputs true if at least one input is true.
  • NOT Gate: Outputs the opposite of the input.

Conclusion

In this tutorial, we covered the transformative journey of computers from mechanical devices to electrical systems, the fundamental principles of electricity, and the construction of a simple programmable circuit. This foundational knowledge is essential for anyone interested in understanding modern computing and electronics. As a next step, consider experimenting with more complex circuits or exploring programming concepts further to enhance your skills in this exciting field.