Aula 05 - Como nós aprendemos?

Introduction

In this tutorial, we will explore the concept of learning as discussed in the video "Aula 05 - Como nós aprendemos?" by Pricila Zarife. The focus will be on two key theoretical approaches in psychology—Behaviorism and Cognitivism—that explain how learning occurs. We will also delve into Classical Conditioning, a foundational concept introduced by psychologists such as Pavlov and Watson.

Step 1: Understand Learning Theories

To grasp the nature of learning, familiarize yourself with the following two major theories:

Behaviorism

• Definition: Behaviorism posits that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.
• Key Concepts:
  • Focuses on observable behaviors.
  • Learning is a response to external stimuli.
  • Reinforcement and punishment influence behavior.

Cognitivism

• Definition: Cognitivism emphasizes the role of mental processes in learning.
• Key Concepts:
  • Focuses on internal processes like thinking, memory, and problem-solving.
  • Learning involves understanding, knowing, and applying information.
  • Constructivist approach where learners actively construct their own understanding.

Step 2: Explore Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning is a critical concept within Behaviorism. Here’s how it works:

Key Figures

• Ivan Pavlov: Known for his experiments with dogs, demonstrating how a neutral stimulus can become associated with a reflexive response.
• John B. Watson: Expanded on Pavlov's work, emphasizing that emotional responses can also be conditioned.

The Process of Classical Conditioning

1. Unconditioned Stimulus (US): A stimulus that naturally triggers a response (e.g., food).
2. Unconditioned Response (UR): The natural reaction to the unconditioned stimulus (e.g., salivation).
3. Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with the US, triggers a conditioned response (e.g., bell).
4. Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to the previously neutral stimulus (e.g., salivation in response to the bell).

Practical Application

• Example: In a classroom, a teacher might use a bell (CS) to signal the end of a lesson (US), leading students to pack up (CR) whenever they hear it.

Step 3: Apply Learning Concepts

To effectively use the theories of behaviorism and cognitivism in real-world situations:

• In Education:

  • Use reinforcement strategies to encourage positive behaviors.
  • Foster cognitive engagement through problem-solving tasks.

• In Personal Development:

  • Identify triggers for your own behaviors and modify your environment to promote positive changes.
  • Use visualization and mental rehearsal for skill acquisition.

Conclusion

Understanding the theories of Behaviorism and Cognitivism, along with Classical Conditioning, provides valuable insights into how learning takes place. By applying these concepts, whether in education or personal development, you can enhance your learning strategies and effectiveness. As a next step, consider observing these principles in action in your daily life or educational settings to deepen your understanding.