Как правильно сделать ленточный фундамент своими руками. Инструкция от А до Я по СП 22.13330.2016

Introduction

This tutorial provides a comprehensive guide on how to construct a ribbon foundation by yourself, following the standards set out in SP 22.13330.2016. Proper foundation construction is crucial for ensuring the stability and longevity of your building. This guide will walk you through each step, from initial planning to the final pour of concrete.

Step 1: Project Planning

• Consult with an engineer to draft a project for your future home.
• Determine the following:
  • Material choices for construction.
  • Number of floors in the building.
  • Estimated load that the foundation will support.
• Conduct engineering geological surveys to assess soil conditions.
• Based on the survey, choose the optimal type of foundation and develop a detailed structural project.

Step 2: Site Preparation

• Perform topographic surveys of the construction site.
  • Note any height differences; for example, a 1.5-meter drop may require leveling.
• Use machinery to level the site and remove any height discrepancies.
• Manually adjust and level the area as needed using shovels or hand tools.

Step 3: Formwork Assembly

• Construct formwork panels from 50mm thick boards.
  • This thickness is needed to withstand the pressure of the concrete.
• Connect the boards using 50x50mm wooden blocks.
• Use galvanized screws instead of black screws for easier disassembly later.
• Cover the formwork with plastic sheeting using a stapler to prevent cement from leaking out.

Step 4: Foundation Base Preparation

• According to point 87 of the regulations, create a base layer of crushed stone (PGS) at a thickness of 20cm, compacted well.
• Lay polyethylene sheeting over the PGS layer to prevent cement from seeping into it during the pour.

Step 5: Reinforcement Installation

• Construct the reinforcement frame using 12mm rebar.
• Ensure that the bars overlap correctly according to project specifications, typically by 52 diameters for longitudinal connections.
• Use special spacers (often star-shaped) to maintain a protective layer of concrete over the rebar, preventing exposure to elements.

Step 6: Foundation Type Considerations

• Choose a shallow ribbon foundation that is below the frost line to mitigate frost heave risks.
• Implement an insulated footing to combat moisture and freezing temperatures.

Step 7: Concrete Pouring

• Order concrete with antifreeze additives, especially if temperatures drop at night.
• Utilize a concrete pump for pouring, particularly if access for mixers is limited due to height differences on-site.

Conclusion

By following these steps, you can construct a ribbon foundation that meets engineering standards and ensures the stability of your building. Always consult with professionals when in doubt and consider local regulations and conditions. Next, consider moving on to framing and constructing the rest of your building based on the foundation you have established.