The Iron Guard – Romania's Fascist Movement

Introduction

This tutorial explores the Iron Guard, a Romanian fascist movement founded by Corneliu Zelea Codreanu. It highlights the movement's historical context, key events, and its eventual decline. Understanding the Iron Guard is essential for grasping Romania's complex political landscape during the early 20th century.

Step 1: Understanding the Foundation of the Iron Guard

• The Iron Guard, also known as the Legion of the Archangel Michael, was established in the 1920s.
• Corneliu Zelea Codreanu was the founder, aiming to create a nationalist and fascist movement.
• The movement combined elements of Orthodox Christianity with extreme nationalism and anti-Semitism.

Practical Advice:

• Research Codreanu's writings and speeches to grasp the ideology that fueled the Iron Guard.
• Explore the social and political conditions in Romania that allowed for the rise of such movements.

Step 2: Key Leaders and Their Roles

• After Codreanu, Horia Sima emerged as the leader, further shaping the movement's direction in the 1930s.
• The Iron Guard's leadership was characterized by a mix of charismatic authority and militant activism.

Practical Advice:

• Examine the biographies of key figures like Codreanu and Sima to understand their influence and decisions.
• Look into the leadership dynamics within the Iron Guard and how they affected its strategies and policies.

Step 3: The Iron Guard's Political Activities

• The Iron Guard engaged in various political activities, including elections and forming alliances with other nationalist groups.
• They were known for their violent tactics, including intimidation and assassinations against political opponents.

Practical Advice:

• Investigate the political climate of Romania during the 1930s to see how the Iron Guard interacted with other parties.
• Analyze the impact of their violent methods on Romanian society and politics.

Step 4: The Iron Guard Uprising and Its Aftermath

• In January 1941, the Iron Guard attempted a rebellion in Romania, which was met with severe repression.
• The Bucharest pogrom was a significant event during this period, showcasing the brutality of the movement.

Practical Advice:

• Review historical accounts of the uprising and its consequences to understand its significance.
• Consider the broader implications of the uprising for Romania's relationship with Nazi Germany and other European powers.

Step 5: The Decline of the Iron Guard

• Following the failed uprising, the Iron Guard faced increased crackdowns from the Romanian government.
• By the end of World War II, the movement had largely dissipated.

Practical Advice:

• Analyze the reasons for the decline of the Iron Guard, considering both internal factors and external pressures.
• Explore how the legacy of the Iron Guard continues to influence Romanian politics and society today.

Conclusion

The Iron Guard represents a critical chapter in Romania's history, reflecting the complexities of fascism and nationalism. By understanding its foundations, key players, and ultimate decline, one can gain insights into the historical and political dynamics of Romania during a tumultuous period. For further exploration, consider delving into primary sources or contemporary analyses of the Iron Guard's legacy.