Sistem dan Struktur Politik Ekonomi Indonesia Masa Orde Baru

Introduction

This tutorial provides a comprehensive overview of the political and economic system of Indonesia during the New Order era (Orde Baru). It aims to help students understand key historical events, policies, and their implications, particularly for those studying Indonesian history in high school.

Step 1: Understand the Origins of the New Order

• Explore the circumstances leading to the emergence of the New Order in Indonesia.
• Focus on the role of the Supersemar (Surat Perintah Sebelas Maret) issued in 1966, which granted authority to General Suharto.
• Learn about the political instability prior to this period, including the 1965 coup and its impacts.

Step 2: Analyze Soeharto's Policies

• Study Soeharto's major policies aimed at stabilizing and developing the Indonesian economy.
• Understand the significance of the MPRS (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara) decrees that established the New Order government.
• Review the economic strategies implemented, including foreign investment encouragement and industrialization.

Step 3: Examine Key Government Structures

• Investigate the structure of the Ampera Cabinet and its role in governance.
• Familiarize yourself with the Dwidharman and Catur Karya programs initiated during this era.
• Highlight the significance of the Pancakrida of the first Development Cabinet (Kabinet Pembangunan I).

Step 4: Explore the Role of ABRI

• Understand the dual function of ABRI (the Indonesian Armed Forces) during the New Order.
• Discuss how ABRI influenced both political and social stability and its role in development.

Step 5: Review Agricultural Reforms

• Learn about the Green Revolution (Revolusi Hijau) and its implementation in Indonesia.
• Assess the impact of agricultural policies on food production and rural development.

Step 6: Investigate Political Dynamics

• Analyze the merging of political parties during the New Order and its implications for democracy.
• Discuss the conduct of elections and the limitations placed on political opposition.

Step 7: Understand Media Control

• Examine the restrictions placed on press freedom and the consequences of media censorship during this period.
• Reflect on the significance of the Malari incident and its repercussions on civil liberties.

Step 8: Study Economic Development Plans

• Review the Trilogi Pembangunan (Trilogy of Development) and the Eight Paths of Development Equity.
• Discuss the Five-Year Development Plans (Pelita) and their objectives.

Step 9: Evaluate Achievements and Shortcomings

• Assess the successes of the New Order in terms of economic growth and infrastructure development.
• Reflect on the criticisms regarding human rights abuses and social inequalities.

Step 10: Conclude with the End of the New Order

• Understand the factors leading to the fall of the New Order in 1998.
• Discuss the integration of East Timor and the significance of this event.

Conclusion

The New Order era in Indonesia was marked by significant political and economic transformations, characterized by stability and development but also by repression and control. By following this guide, you will gain a deeper understanding of the complexities of this period. For further practice, consider completing the review quiz available through the provided Google Form link to test your knowledge on the subject.