100+ Linux Things you Need to Know

Introduction

This tutorial covers over 100 essential Linux concepts presented in a concise format. Whether you are new to Linux or looking to sharpen your skills, this guide will provide you with a solid foundation in Linux basics, commands, and distributions.

Step 1: Understand the Linux Kernel

• The Linux kernel is the core component of the Linux operating system.
• It manages hardware resources, including CPU, memory, and devices.
• Its role is to act as an intermediary between applications and the hardware.

Step 2: Learn About GNU

• GNU stands for "GNU's Not Unix" and refers to a collection of free software.
• It provides essential components for the Linux operating system, such as libraries, compilers, and utilities.
• Understanding GNU is crucial for grasping how Linux is built.

Step 3: Explore Linux Distributions

• A Linux distribution (distro) is a version of Linux that includes the kernel and various software packages.

Popular distributions in 2024 include

• Ubuntu: User-friendly, great for beginners.
• Fedora: Known for cutting-edge features.
• CentOS: Ideal for servers and enterprise environments.
• Choosing the right distro depends on your needs and use case.

Step 4: Get Familiar with Essential Linux Commands

Learn basic commands to interact with the Linux terminal

• ls: List directory contents.
• cd: Change directory.
• cp: Copy files and directories.
• mv: Move or rename files and directories.
• rm: Remove files or directories.
• Use the man command to access the manual pages for each command (e.g., man ls).

Step 5: Master File System Hierarchy

Understand the Linux file system structure

• /: Root directory.
• /home: User home directories.
• /etc: Configuration files.
• /var: Variable files, such as logs.
• Knowing the file system layout helps in navigating and managing files effectively.

Step 6: Learn About Package Management

Different distros use different package managers. Familiarize yourself with the following

• APT (Debian-based, e.g., Ubuntu): Use apt-get or apt for installing packages.
• YUM/DNF (Fedora-based): Use dnf install to manage packages.
• Pacman (Arch Linux): Use pacman -S for package installation.
• Keeping your system updated is essential for security and performance.

Step 7: Explore System Processes and Services

Use commands to manage system processes

• ps: View running processes.
• top: Display real-time system processes.
• systemctl: Manage system services (start, stop, enable).
• Knowing how to control processes is vital for troubleshooting and system maintenance.

Step 8: Understand User and Group Management

Managing users and permissions is crucial for system security

• Use adduser to create a new user.
• Use passwd to change a user's password.
• Use usermod to modify user privileges.
• Group users can simplify permission management.

Step 9: Network Configuration and Troubleshooting

Familiarize yourself with basic networking commands

• ifconfig or ip addr: Display network interfaces.
• ping: Test connectivity to a network host.
• netstat: View network connections.
• Understanding networking is important for server management and troubleshooting connectivity issues.

Conclusion

This guide has outlined essential Linux concepts, commands, and best practices for beginners and intermediate users. To further enhance your Linux skills, consider experimenting with different distros, practicing command-line operations, and exploring advanced topics such as scripting and system administration. Happy learning!