INTI ILMU : PENJELASAN KULIAH ANALISIS LAPORAN KEUANGAN (ALK) SLIDE 4-7 (Mawardi)

Introduction

This tutorial provides a comprehensive guide to understanding key concepts in financial statement analysis, focusing on slides 4 to 7 from the lecture by Mawardi Haza. It aims to equip students and professionals with the tools needed to analyze financial reports effectively, which is crucial for making informed business decisions.

Step 1: Understanding Financial Statements

• Identify Key Financial Statements: Familiarize yourself with the three main types of financial statements:

  • Balance Sheet: Shows the company’s assets, liabilities, and equity at a specific point in time.
  • Income Statement: Reflects the company’s performance over a period, detailing revenues and expenses.
  • Cash Flow Statement: Tracks cash inflows and outflows, providing insights into the company’s liquidity.

• Purpose of Each Statement:

  • Balance Sheet: Evaluates financial position.
  • Income Statement: Assesses profitability.
  • Cash Flow Statement: Analyzes cash management.

Step 2: Analyzing the Balance Sheet

• Components of the Balance Sheet:

  • Assets: Current (cash, inventory) and non-current (property, equipment).
  • Liabilities: Current (accounts payable) and long-term (debts).
  • Equity: Owner’s equity and retained earnings.

• Ratios for Analysis:

  • Current Ratio: Current Assets / Current Liabilities.
  • Debt to Equity Ratio: Total Liabilities / Total Equity.

• Practical Tip: Compare these ratios against industry standards for better context.

Step 3: Dissecting the Income Statement

• Key Components:

  • Revenue: Total income generated from sales.
  • Cost of Goods Sold (COGS): Direct costs attributable to producing goods sold.
  • Operating Expenses: Indirect costs such as salaries and utilities.

• Important Metrics:

  • Gross Profit Margin: (Revenue - COGS) / Revenue.
  • Net Profit Margin: Net Income / Revenue.

• Common Pitfall: Ensure that all expenses are accounted for to avoid inflated profit margins.

Step 4: Exploring the Cash Flow Statement

• Sections of the Cash Flow Statement:

  • Operating Activities: Cash generated from core business operations.
  • Investing Activities: Cash spent or received from investment activities.
  • Financing Activities: Cash flows related to borrowing and equity financing.

• Key Considerations:

  • Positive cash flow from operating activities is essential for business sustainability.
  • Analyze trends over multiple periods to detect patterns.

Conclusion

In summary, analyzing financial statements involves understanding their structure and purpose, dissecting each statement for key metrics, and applying ratios to assess financial health. By mastering these concepts, you will be better equipped to make informed decisions based on a company's financial performance. As a next step, consider practicing with real financial statements from companies to gain practical experience in analysis.