KONDISI MASYARAKAT INDONESIA // SAAT PENJAJAHAN BELANDA

Introduction

This tutorial explores the conditions of the Indonesian people during the Dutch colonial period. It outlines the struggles they faced, including forced labor and oppressive agricultural policies. Understanding this historical context is crucial for appreciating Indonesia's journey toward independence.

Step 1: Understanding the Impact of Divide and Rule Politics

• The Dutch used a strategy known as "adu domba" or "divide and rule" to instigate conflicts among local rulers.
• This manipulation led to civil wars and power struggles between kingdoms in Indonesia.
• Recognize that these conflicts weakened local governance and made it easier for the Dutch to control the region.

Step 2: Recognizing Forced Labor under Daendels

• Gubernur Jenderal Daendels implemented forced labor policies, requiring Indonesians to work on constructing a 1,000 km road from Anyer to Panarukan.
• This labor brought immense suffering and a high death toll among workers.
• Understand the significance of this road as it aimed to facilitate Dutch military and economic interests.

Step 3: The Establishment of Arms Factories and Ports

• Indonesians were forced to build arms factories in Semarang and Surabaya.
• They also constructed the Pelabuhan Merdeka (Free Port), which served Dutch trade interests.
• Acknowledge the implications of these developments, as they contributed to the exploitation of local resources and labor.

Step 4: The Transition of Power and Continued Exploitation

• After Daendels, the Dutch colonial administration saw Gubernur Jansens, who was eventually defeated by the British.
• In 1816, Dutch rule was reestablished, leading to further oppression under Gubernur Van Den Bosch.
• The introduction of the "tanam paksa" (forced planting) policy required farmers to dedicate one-fifth of their land to cash crops for the Dutch, exacerbating poverty among the populace.

Step 5: The Legacy of Economic Exploitation

• The "tanam paksa" policy forced farmers to pay taxes and compensate for their crops, adding to their burdens.
• This economic exploitation resulted in widespread suffering and resistance among the Indonesian people.
• Be aware of how these policies laid the groundwork for future uprisings and demands for independence.

Step 6: The End of Dutch Colonialism

• By 1942, Dutch colonialism in Indonesia came to an end, replaced by Japanese occupation.
• Recognize the significance of this transition as it marked a pivotal point in Indonesia's history.
• Consider how the struggles during the Dutch period influenced the national sentiment leading to the fight for independence.

Conclusion

The Dutch colonial period in Indonesia was marked by severe exploitation and suffering, driven by divide and rule tactics, forced labor, and oppressive agricultural policies. Understanding these historical aspects is crucial for grasping Indonesia's path to independence and the resilience of its people. As a next step, consider exploring further resources on Indonesia's struggle for independence and the role of local leaders during this tumultuous period.