M10: STATE: ORIGIN OF STATE (PART-2)

Introduction

This tutorial explores the various theories regarding the origin of the state, particularly focusing on the contrasting perspectives of force theory and its critiques. Understanding these theories is crucial for grasping the complexities of political structures and the evolution of societies. We will examine the key arguments and historical contexts that shaped these theories, as well as the implications for state formation.

Step 1: Understand Force Theory

Force theory posits that the state originated through coercion and conflict. This theory can be broken down into two main arguments:

• Psychological Aspect:

  • Human nature is inherently aggressive.
  • Historically, those with power (symbolized by "the sword") often dictate the resolution of disputes.

• Historical Justification:

  • The transition from tribes to kingdoms and empires occurred through wars and conflicts.
  • The primary aim was to subjugate other groups to control territory and resources.

Practical Advice: Reflect on historical examples where conflicts led to the formation of states, such as the unification of various tribes under a single kingdom after a series of battles.

Step 2: Explore Marx and Engels' Perspective

Marx and Engels challenged the consensual understanding of state formation, arguing that:

• The state serves as a tool for oppression and exploitation by the dominant class.
• They reject the idea that the state emerged from a social contract and instead view it as a product of class struggle.

Practical Advice: Consider how economic disparities can influence political power dynamics in modern states, drawing parallels with Marxist theory.

Step 3: Analyze the Debate Between Carneiro and Service

The dispute between Robert Carneiro and Elman Service highlights two distinct theories of state origin:

• Circumscription Theory (Carneiro):

  • Argues that warfare led to the emergence of states.
  • Supported by anthropological evidence from diverse societies.

• Integrationist Theory (Service):

  • Focuses on the institutionalization of centralized leadership.
  • Emphasizes the evolution of a legal system that sanctions the monopoly of force, ensuring peace through established rules.

Practical Advice: Study examples of societies that transitioned from tribal systems to centralized states, noting whether warfare or institutionalization played a more significant role.

Step 4: Compare the Key Aspects of Both Theories

When comparing Carneiro's and Service's theories, consider the following differences:

• Coercive vs. Integrative:

  • Carneiro emphasizes the coercive power of states formed through conflict.
  • Service highlights the importance of authority backed by a legal system.

• Resource Acquisition vs. Functional Differentiation:

  • Carneiro focuses on how the pursuit of resources led to state formation through conquests.
  • Service attributes state formation to the differentiation of public offices and bureaucratic structures.

Practical Advice: Evaluate current political systems through this lens, considering whether power is maintained through coercion or through established legal frameworks.

Conclusion

Understanding the origins of the state and the contrasting theories of force and integration enhances our comprehension of political structures. The insights from Carneiro and Service provide valuable frameworks for analyzing contemporary governance. As you explore these theories further, consider how historical contexts continue to influence modern states and reflect on the implications for societal organization and power dynamics.