Semester Ethics Course condensed (Part 2 of 2)

Introduction

This tutorial aims to condense the key concepts from Jeffrey Kaplan's Semester Ethics Course, particularly focusing on the moral dilemmas and philosophical theories discussed in the second part of the course. These insights are invaluable for anyone interested in understanding ethical reasoning, moral philosophy, and the foundational questions regarding morality.

Step 1: Understand the Nature of Morality

• Explore Moral Absolutism vs. Moral Relativism
  • Moral absolutism suggests that there are universal moral principles that apply to all individuals regardless of context.
  • Moral relativism argues that moral judgments are shaped by cultural, societal, or individual factors.
• Key Philosophers to Study
  • Plato: Investigate his views on the existence of objective moral truths.
  • Aristotle: Learn about virtue ethics and the role of character in moral decision-making.

Step 2: Analyze Key Ethical Theories

• Deontology (Kant)
  • Focus on the principle that actions must adhere to universal moral laws.
  • Understand the concept of duty and the categorical imperative.
• Consequentialism (Bentham and Mill)
  • Examine the idea that the morality of an action is determined by its outcomes.
  • Familiarize yourself with the principle of utility and the greatest happiness principle.

Step 3: Evaluate the Impact of Social Contracts

• Hobbes and Locke
  • Study Hobbes' view of the social contract as a means to escape chaos.
  • Contrast this with Locke's belief in natural rights and the role of government in protecting these rights.
• Real-World Applications
  • Consider how these theories apply to modern governance and civic duties.

Step 4: Discuss Moral Psychology

• Hume’s Perspective
  • Explore how emotions influence moral judgments.
  • Understand the role of sympathy and human nature in ethical considerations.
• Implications for Personal Ethics
  • Reflect on how personal experiences shape moral beliefs.

Step 5: Engage with Contemporary Ethical Debates

• Utilitarianism vs. Deontological Ethics
  • Analyze current ethical dilemmas, such as those in healthcare and technology.
• Philosophers to Consider
  • Peter Singer: Investigate his arguments for effective altruism and global justice.
  • Robert Nozick: Look into his critique of utilitarianism and the importance of individual rights.

Conclusion

This tutorial has summarized key philosophical concepts from Jeffrey Kaplan's Semester Ethics Course, focusing on the nature of morality, ethical theories, social contracts, moral psychology, and contemporary debates. To further your understanding, consider exploring the works of the philosophers mentioned, engaging in discussions about ethical dilemmas, and reflecting on your own moral beliefs. This foundational knowledge will serve as a stepping stone into the rich field of moral philosophy.