What is Empirical Research?

Introduction

This tutorial will guide you on how to identify whether a research article is an empirical study. Understanding empirical research is crucial for evaluating the validity of studies in various fields, particularly in the social sciences and health. By the end of this tutorial, you will have the tools to distinguish empirical research from other types of studies.

Step 1: Understand What Empirical Research Is

Empirical research is based on observed and measured phenomena. It relies on data collected through experiments or observations rather than theories or opinions. To recognize empirical research, look for the following characteristics:

• Data Collection: Empirical studies involve the collection of data through methods like surveys, experiments, or observations.
• Analysis: The data is analyzed statistically to derive conclusions.
• Findings: Empirical research presents findings that contribute to the existing body of knowledge.

Step 2: Examine the Research Article Structure

When reviewing an article to determine if it is empirical, pay attention to its structure. Common sections in empirical studies include:

• Abstract: A summary of the study, including objectives, methods, results, and conclusions.
• Introduction: Provides background information and states the research question or hypothesis.
• Methodology: Details the research design, sample size, and data collection methods.
• Results: Presents the findings, often with tables and graphs.
• Discussion: Interprets the results and discusses their implications.

Step 3: Look for Key Terminology

Identify specific terms that often indicate empirical research. These may include:

• Hypothesis: A testable statement predicting the relationship between variables.
• Variables: Factors that are measured or manipulated in the study.
• Sample: The group of subjects or items studied.
• Statistical Analysis: Techniques used to analyze collected data.

Step 4: Check for References to Prior Research

Empirical articles often reference previous studies. Look for:

• Literature Review: A section summarizing existing research relevant to the study.
• Citations: References to other empirical studies that support the research context.

Step 5: Evaluate the Results and Conclusions

Conclusions in empirical studies are typically based on the data collected. Assess whether:

• Results are Evidence-Based: The conclusions drawn should directly relate to the data presented.
• Limitations are Discussed: Good empirical research acknowledges its limitations, enhancing transparency and credibility.

Conclusion

Identifying empirical research articles is essential for critical evaluation in academic and professional settings. By understanding the characteristics of empirical studies, examining article structure, recognizing key terms, and evaluating results, you can effectively discern the nature of research articles. As a next step, practice reviewing various research articles to enhance your skills in identifying empirical studies.