An Archaeology of Anthropomorphism: upping the ontological ante of Alfred Gell’s theory of art

Introduction

This tutorial explores the concept of anthropomorphism in archaeology, particularly in relation to three-dimensional artifacts. By understanding anthropomorphism through various theoretical lenses, including Alfred Gell's approach to art, we can gain deeper insights into the cultural narratives and ontological perspectives that shape how we interpret these artifacts. This guide will provide a structured way to engage with the topic and apply these concepts to archaeological materials.

Step 1: Understand Anthropomorphism

• Definition: Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human characteristics to non-human entities or materials.
• Common Contexts: It appears in artworks, ceramics, architecture, and more.
• Key Perspectives:
  • Scheme Transfer: Meanings from human experiences are applied to other materials.
  • Representational Practice: Cultural narratives are expressed through material forms.
  • Cognitive Approaches: Emphasizes the link between body metaphors and human practices.

Step 2: Embrace Ontological Pluralism

• Concept: Ontological pluralism acknowledges that different cultures have diverse truths and experiences of reality.
• Application: Interpret what anthropomorphism means within specific cultural contexts, taking into account the underlying ontological commitments.
• Practical Tip: When studying artifacts, consider the cultural background and beliefs of the people who created them. This can alter the understanding of their anthropomorphic attributes.

Step 3: Explore Amazonian Ethnographies

• Research Insight: Amazonian ethnographies suggest that the processes of making and imaging are fundamentally linked.
• Key Lesson: Recognizing that creation and representation are intertwined can deepen the understanding of anthropomorphic artifacts.
• Application: Look for examples in archaeological materials where the act of creation reflects cultural beliefs and practices.

Step 4: Analyze Anthropomorphic Pots

• Focus Area: Investigate anthropomorphic pots from the first millennium AD in northwest Argentina.
• Methodology:
  • Examine the forms and features of the pots.
  • Consider the cultural significance and narratives associated with these artifacts.
• Practical Advice: Document observations about the shapes, designs, and potential meanings of these pots to build a comprehensive understanding.

Step 5: Utilize Gell's Interpretive Guide

• Gell's Theory: Alfred Gell's writings on style offer a framework for interpreting art and artifacts.
• Application:
  • Use his concepts to analyze the aesthetic and social functions of anthropomorphic artifacts.
  • Reflect on how the style informs the understanding of the cultural context.
• Common Pitfalls: Avoid reducing artifacts to mere aesthetic objects; instead, consider their broader social implications.

Conclusion

Understanding anthropomorphism in archaeological materials requires a nuanced approach that considers cultural narratives, ontological perspectives, and interpretive frameworks. By exploring the layers of meaning behind anthropomorphic artifacts, especially through the lens of Amazonian ethnographies and Gell's theory, you can gain valuable insights into the societies that produced them. As a next step, consider applying these concepts to your own archaeological findings or research projects for deeper analysis and understanding.