S&G M1 - Surveying & Geomatics - Introduction to surveying - Classification - Methods

Introduction

This tutorial provides an overview of surveying and geomatics, focusing on their classification and methods. Understanding these concepts is essential for professionals in civil engineering, construction, and land management. This guide breaks down the key elements of surveying, helping you to grasp the foundational principles necessary for practical application.

Step 1: Understand the Definition of Surveying

• Surveying is the science of measuring distances, angles, and positions on the Earth's surface.
• It involves collecting data to create maps, establish property boundaries, and assist in construction projects.
• Familiarize yourself with common terminology, such as:
  • Geodesy: The study of Earth’s shape and size.
  • Topography: The arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area.

Step 2: Explore the Classification of Surveying

Surveying can be classified into several categories based on different criteria:

• Based on Purpose

  • Land Surveying: Establishing property boundaries and land divisions.
  • Engineering Surveying: Providing support for construction projects.
  • Geodetic Surveying: Measuring large areas of land, considering Earth's curvature.

• Based on Techniques

  • Traditional Surveying: Using tools like theodolites and measuring tapes.
  • GPS Surveying: Utilizing Global Positioning System technology for precise measurements.
  • Photogrammetry: Collecting data through aerial photographs or satellite images.

Step 3: Learn About Surveying Methods

Different methods apply to various surveying types. Here are some common methods:

• Triangulation

  • Establishes a network of triangles to determine distances and positions.
  • Essential for geodetic surveying.

• Levelling

  • Used to determine the height differences between points.
  • Important for construction and drainage projects.

• Traversing

  • Involves a series of connected lines to measure distances and angles.
  • Useful for mapping large areas and establishing control points.

Step 4: Familiarize Yourself with Surveying Instruments

Understanding the tools used in surveying is crucial. Some key instruments include:

• Theodolite: Measures horizontal and vertical angles.
• Total Station: Combines the functions of a theodolite and an electronic distance measurement device.
• GPS Units: Provides high-accuracy positioning data.
• Leveling Instruments: Used to determine the height differences.

Conclusion

Surveying is a vital discipline that underpins many aspects of civil engineering and land management. By understanding its classification, methods, and instruments, you can build a solid foundation in this field. Consider exploring advanced topics such as digital surveying techniques or software used in GIS (Geographic Information Systems) for further learning.